In the fast-paced rhythm of modern life, stress has become a pervasive companion for many. The search for natural solutions to promote relaxation and well-being has led us to the fascinating world of GABA, or gamma-aminobutyric acid, a neurotransmitter with profound implications for stress reduction and an improved quality of life. Often referred to as the calming neurotransmitter, GABA plays a pivotal role in maintaining the delicate balance of neural activity.
GABA's origin lies in the conversion from its counterpart, glutamate. As glutamine transforms into glutamate, and glutamate into GABA, this process requires the presence of essential cofactors – magnesium and Vitamin B6 (specifically in its active form as pyridoxal phosphate). The intricate interplay between these elements determines the production of GABA. Interestingly, when the brain finds itself amidst an abundance of glutamate, the synthesis of GABA increases, highlighting the dynamic responsiveness of neurotransmission to environmental cues.
GABA's origin lies in the conversion from its counterpart, glutamate. As glutamine transforms into glutamate, and glutamate into GABA, this process requires the presence of essential cofactors – magnesium and Vitamin B6 (specifically in its active form as pyridoxal phosphate). The intricate interplay between these elements determines the production of GABA. Interestingly, when the brain finds itself amidst an abundance of glutamate, the synthesis of GABA increases, highlighting the dynamic responsiveness of neurotransmission to environmental cues.
|
|
In essence, GABA orchestrates a symphony of neurotransmission, creating a harmonious interplay between calming and excitatory forces. The story unfolds within the neurons, where GABA's calming influence counteracts the surge of excitatory signals. This balance becomes paramount in the intricate dance of emotions and cognitive functions, where disruptions can lead to mood disorders and anxiety.
As we delve into the fascinating world of neurotransmission, the role of GABA emerges as a soothing melody, contributing to the intricate composition of the brain's symphony. It is through this symphony that emotions find their rhythm, stress meets calm, and the brain navigates the complex landscape of neural communication.
As we delve into the fascinating world of neurotransmission, the role of GABA emerges as a soothing melody, contributing to the intricate composition of the brain's symphony. It is through this symphony that emotions find their rhythm, stress meets calm, and the brain navigates the complex landscape of neural communication.
The Calming Messenger and more
GABA, operating as a inhibitory neurotransmitter, orchestrates a pharmacologic symphony within the brain, wielding its inhibitory prowess to instill tranquility and relaxation. At its core, this neurotransmitter is akin to a soothing force, stepping into the neural spotlight to temper the firing of neurons and bestow a profound sense of calm. In the intricate dance of neurotransmitters, GABA doesn't perform in isolation; it engages in a delicate choreography with its excitatory counterpart, glutamate.
Often hailed as the "brake" of the nervous system, GABA emerges as a counterbalance to the excitatory signals orchestrated by glutamate. This dynamic duo, GABA and glutamate, stands as the cornerstone of approximately 80% of the brain's total neurotransmission, with GABA contributing 20% to this intricate interplay. This statistic underscores their pivotal role in shaping the landscape of brain function, steering it away from the tumultuous waters of heightened stress and anxiety.
Delving into GABA's pharmacologic actions, its secretagogue nature emerges as a potent orchestrator of relaxation, unlocking the gates to a calm and tranquil state. The hypotensive effects further add to GABA's repertoire, gently modulating blood pressure and contributing to an overall sense of well-being.
In the realm of antioxidants, GABA takes on a protective mantle, shielding the delicate neural environment from oxidative stress. This multifaceted neurotransmitter extends its influence to the gastrointestinal realm, acting as a gastrointestinal agent with potential benefits for gut health.
The hypolipidemic action of GABA contributes to maintaining lipid balance, fostering metabolic harmony within the body. As a photoprotective agent, GABA even extends its reach beyond the confines of the nervous system, offering a shield against the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation.
In essence, GABA's pharmacologic actions weave a narrative of relaxation, tranquility, and balance. From its secretagogue abilities to its hypotensive, antioxidant, gastrointestinal, and hypolipidemic actions, GABA emerges as a multifaceted force, playing a crucial role in sculpting not only the neural landscape but also contributing to broader aspects of health and well-being.
Often hailed as the "brake" of the nervous system, GABA emerges as a counterbalance to the excitatory signals orchestrated by glutamate. This dynamic duo, GABA and glutamate, stands as the cornerstone of approximately 80% of the brain's total neurotransmission, with GABA contributing 20% to this intricate interplay. This statistic underscores their pivotal role in shaping the landscape of brain function, steering it away from the tumultuous waters of heightened stress and anxiety.
Delving into GABA's pharmacologic actions, its secretagogue nature emerges as a potent orchestrator of relaxation, unlocking the gates to a calm and tranquil state. The hypotensive effects further add to GABA's repertoire, gently modulating blood pressure and contributing to an overall sense of well-being.
In the realm of antioxidants, GABA takes on a protective mantle, shielding the delicate neural environment from oxidative stress. This multifaceted neurotransmitter extends its influence to the gastrointestinal realm, acting as a gastrointestinal agent with potential benefits for gut health.
The hypolipidemic action of GABA contributes to maintaining lipid balance, fostering metabolic harmony within the body. As a photoprotective agent, GABA even extends its reach beyond the confines of the nervous system, offering a shield against the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation.
In essence, GABA's pharmacologic actions weave a narrative of relaxation, tranquility, and balance. From its secretagogue abilities to its hypotensive, antioxidant, gastrointestinal, and hypolipidemic actions, GABA emerges as a multifaceted force, playing a crucial role in sculpting not only the neural landscape but also contributing to broader aspects of health and well-being.
GABA & Glutamate: A Delicate balance
GABA's significance lies not just in its calming effects but also in its delicate dance with glutamate, another neurotransmitter. While GABA inhibits and soothes, glutamate excites and stimulates. Maintaining a proper balance between these two neurotransmitters is crucial for optimal brain function.
In moments of stress, the delicate balance can tip in favor of glutamate, leading to an overstimulated nervous system. This imbalance can contribute to heightened anxiety, restlessness, and a reduced ability to cope with stressors. Here, GABA steps in as a crucial ally, helping restore equilibrium and promote a more relaxed state of mind.
Crucially, the delicate equilibrium between inhibitory (GABA) and excitatory (glutamate/serotonin) neurotransmission emerges as a linchpin for emotional stability. This balance shapes the ebb and flow of neural signals, influencing mood, stress response, and overall mental well-being.
In moments of stress, the delicate balance can tip in favor of glutamate, leading to an overstimulated nervous system. This imbalance can contribute to heightened anxiety, restlessness, and a reduced ability to cope with stressors. Here, GABA steps in as a crucial ally, helping restore equilibrium and promote a more relaxed state of mind.
Crucially, the delicate equilibrium between inhibitory (GABA) and excitatory (glutamate/serotonin) neurotransmission emerges as a linchpin for emotional stability. This balance shapes the ebb and flow of neural signals, influencing mood, stress response, and overall mental well-being.
The importance of nutrition in supporting GABA function extends to specific amino acids, with glutamine playing a vital role. As mentioned, glutamine is a precursor to GABA, and foods like meet (beef, chicken, fish, eggs, dairy and cheese), fermented foods, and certain plant-based sources can contribute to maintaining healthy GABA levels. Ensuring an adequate intake of glutamine-rich foods becomes essential for those looking to optimize GABA levels.
Glutamate is also a non-essential amino acid that is present in all protein-containing foods, but ingested glutamate has no association with glutamate circulating in the brain. Glutamate from high glutamate foods cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, and upon ingestion, is quickly metabolized as oxidative fuel for the intestinal lining. It's worth noting that certain foods, high in glutamate, can impact the delicate GABA-glutamate balance. Seafood, caviar, seaweed, dried cod, mushrooms, and spinach are examples of glutamate-containing foods. While these foods are generally healthy in moderation, excessive consumption may lead to headaches, underscoring the importance of mindful dietary choices.
Here are the key requirements for the conversion of glutamine to glutamate:
Glutamate is also a non-essential amino acid that is present in all protein-containing foods, but ingested glutamate has no association with glutamate circulating in the brain. Glutamate from high glutamate foods cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, and upon ingestion, is quickly metabolized as oxidative fuel for the intestinal lining. It's worth noting that certain foods, high in glutamate, can impact the delicate GABA-glutamate balance. Seafood, caviar, seaweed, dried cod, mushrooms, and spinach are examples of glutamate-containing foods. While these foods are generally healthy in moderation, excessive consumption may lead to headaches, underscoring the importance of mindful dietary choices.
Here are the key requirements for the conversion of glutamine to glutamate:
- Glutaminase Enzyme: Glutaminase is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of glutamine to glutamate. It breaks down glutamine by removing an amine group.
- Cofactors: The process requires specific cofactors to facilitate the enzymatic reaction. The primary cofactors involved are:
- Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal Phosphate): Vitamin B6 plays a crucial role in amino acid metabolism and is a cofactor for many enzymes, including those involved in the conversion of glutamine to glutamate.
- Magnesium: Magnesium is another essential cofactor for various enzymes, and its presence is required for the conversion process.
- Energy Source: Enzymatic reactions, including the conversion of glutamine to glutamate, often require energy. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is commonly involved as an energy source to drive these reactions.
- Cellular Environment: The conversion typically takes place within the cellular environment, particularly in the mitochondria or cytoplasm, depending on the specific cell type and metabolic context.
Opposition of Serotonin
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) and serotonin are both neurotransmitters in the brain, and they play distinct but interconnected roles in regulating mood, anxiety, and overall mental well-being. Here's an overview of their relationship:
- Regulation of Mood:
- GABA: Primarily an inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA helps calm neural activity in the brain. It has a calming and relaxing effect, counteracting the excitatory neurotransmitters that can lead to anxiety and stress.
- Serotonin: Known as the "feel-good" neurotransmitter, serotonin contributes to mood stabilization and a sense of well-being. It is often associated with regulating mood, emotions, and sleep.
- Interaction in the Brain:
- GABA and serotonin receptors are different, but their activities are interconnected. GABA receptors (particularly GABAA receptors) are ion channels, while serotonin receptors (such as 5-HT receptors) are G-protein coupled receptors. The balance between inhibitory (GABA) and excitatory (serotonin) neurotransmission is crucial for maintaining emotional stability.
- Anxiety and Depression:
- GABA: Low GABA levels are associated with anxiety disorders. GABAergic activity helps reduce excessive neural firing, contributing to a calming effect.
- Serotonin: Imbalances in serotonin levels are linked to mood disorders, including depression and anxiety. Medications like SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) aim to increase serotonin availability.
- Stress Response:
- GABA: Acts as a natural stress reliever by inhibiting overactive neural signals during stressful situations.
- Serotonin: Plays a role in regulating the stress response and promoting a sense of well-being.
- Sleep Regulation:
- GABA: Facilitates sleep by reducing neural excitability. GABAergic medications are often used as sleep aids.
- Serotonin: The conversion of serotonin to melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles, is crucial for proper sleep.
- Interplay in Mental Health:
- Both GABA and serotonin are implicated in various mental health conditions, and their balance is essential for emotional stability.
- Medications targeting GABA or serotonin receptors are commonly prescribed to address mood disorders and anxiety.
gaba Receptors and interactions
Central to this neurotransmission symphony are two distinct types of GABA receptors: Delving into the intricate world of GABA receptors unveils a nuanced tale of subunits, functions, and the remarkable influence they exert on our mental and physiological states.
GABAᴬ receptors, composed of five subunits with varying compositions, stand as sentinels across the neural landscape. These receptors, found ubiquitously, play diverse roles with different subunits taking center stage. The Alpha 1 units, for instance, take the lead in promoting restful sleep, while the Alpha 2 units bear the responsibility for mitigating anxiety.
Interneurons, often referred to as neural waystations, act as crucial intermediaries between neurons. GABAᴬ receptors find their place throughout the human body, including within these interneurons, creating neural crossroads that link serotonin and dopamine neurons. This intricate network serves as a vital component in the processing of information within the brain.
The relationship between GABA receptors and external substances paints a fascinating picture of modulation and influence. Caffeine and stimulants, known for their alertness-inducing properties, desensitize GABA receptors, altering the delicate equilibrium. On the other hand, L-theanine, an amino acid found in tea, enhances GABA function. However, caution is advised, as excessive doses of L-theanine may paradoxically block GABA receptors.
The story extends to substances like opioids, THC, and alcohol, each with its unique interaction with GABA receptors. Opioids bind to these receptors, THC inhibits GABA release, and alcohol tightly embraces them, leading to the relaxation associated with its consumption. Barbiturates and benzodiazepines, known as GABA agonists, further underscore the diverse modulation of GABA receptors.
As we unravel the intricacies of GABA receptors, we find ourselves on a fascinating journey through the neural tapestry that shapes our mental and physiological experiences. Understanding the nuanced dance of GABA within our intricate neural landscape opens new avenues for exploring mental health, relaxation, and the delicate interplay of neurotransmitters that govern our well-being.
Interneurons, often referred to as neural waystations, act as crucial intermediaries between neurons. GABAᴬ receptors find their place throughout the human body, including within these interneurons, creating neural crossroads that link serotonin and dopamine neurons. This intricate network serves as a vital component in the processing of information within the brain.
The relationship between GABA receptors and external substances paints a fascinating picture of modulation and influence. Caffeine and stimulants, known for their alertness-inducing properties, desensitize GABA receptors, altering the delicate equilibrium. On the other hand, L-theanine, an amino acid found in tea, enhances GABA function. However, caution is advised, as excessive doses of L-theanine may paradoxically block GABA receptors.
The story extends to substances like opioids, THC, and alcohol, each with its unique interaction with GABA receptors. Opioids bind to these receptors, THC inhibits GABA release, and alcohol tightly embraces them, leading to the relaxation associated with its consumption. Barbiturates and benzodiazepines, known as GABA agonists, further underscore the diverse modulation of GABA receptors.
As we unravel the intricacies of GABA receptors, we find ourselves on a fascinating journey through the neural tapestry that shapes our mental and physiological experiences. Understanding the nuanced dance of GABA within our intricate neural landscape opens new avenues for exploring mental health, relaxation, and the delicate interplay of neurotransmitters that govern our well-being.
Gaba Deficiency
GABA deficiency, a condition where the levels of this neurotransmitter are insufficient, can cast a wide-reaching shadow on our well-being, influencing both mental and physical aspects of health.
Mental health bears a substantial burden when GABA levels fall below optimal ranges. However, GABA deficiency isn't exclusive to these common mental health challenges; it extends its reach to more severe conditions. Individuals grappling with GABA deficiency may find themselves in the clutches of various symptoms including, but not limited to:
Mental health bears a substantial burden when GABA levels fall below optimal ranges. However, GABA deficiency isn't exclusive to these common mental health challenges; it extends its reach to more severe conditions. Individuals grappling with GABA deficiency may find themselves in the clutches of various symptoms including, but not limited to:
Anxiety |
Depression |
Migraines |
Impulsiveness |
Sleep disturbances |
Fear |
Short temper |
Hypertension |
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) |
Digestive discomfort |
Diarrhea |
Bloating |
Chronic pain |
Allergies |
Schizophrenia |
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
Phobias |
Disorganization |
Addictions |
Tinnitus |
Frequent urination |
Flushing |
Sweating |
Salt cravings |
Muscle tension |
Interestingly, low copper levels can further complicate the scenario by affecting the binding of GABA. Copper, an essential trace element, plays a regulatory role in neurotransmitter function, and its deficiency may exacerbate the challenges posed by inadequate GABA.
For those dealing with leaky gut or leaky brain conditions, GABA deficiency is a common companion. The crucial amino acid glutamine, sourced from meat, emerges as a key player. Glutamine not only boosts gastrointestinal (GI) integrity but also fuels enterocytes—specialized cells lining the small intestine responsible for nutrient absorption.
Efficient testing methods have become instrumental in uncovering GABA-related imbalances. Measuring glutamine levels in urine and plasma provides valuable insights, and functional medicine lab tests, such as the Dutch Complete test, stand out as comprehensive diagnostic tools.
Understanding the intricate interplay between GABA deficiency and our mental and physical well-being unveils new dimensions in the quest for optimal health. As science delves deeper into the mysteries of neurotransmitters, the role of GABA emerges as a linchpin, influencing the delicate balance that maintains our equilibrium.
Understanding the intricate interplay between GABA deficiency and our mental and physical well-being unveils new dimensions in the quest for optimal health. As science delves deeper into the mysteries of neurotransmitters, the role of GABA emerges as a linchpin, influencing the delicate balance that maintains our equilibrium.
Balancing gaba levels
Several factors contribute to GABA imbalance, and it's important to be mindful of them to support overall well-being. Stress, for instance, is a major culprit that can deplete GABA levels. Elevated cortisol, often associated with excess fasting or chronic stress, can interfere with the production and function of GABA.
Fortunately, there are various lifestyle practices and dietary choices that can help restore and maintain optimal GABA levels. Engaging in activities like meditation, yoga, breathwork, and regular exercise has been shown to support GABA production. These practices not only promote mental and physical well-being but also contribute to a healthier balance of neurotransmitters in the brain.
Additionally, ensuring proper vitamin and mineral levels is essential for GABA function. Key nutrients like vitamin B6, magnesium, and zinc play a role in GABA synthesis and activity. A well-rounded and nutrient-dense diet, or even targeted supplementation if necessary, can contribute to maintaining the delicate balance of GABA in the body.
Interestingly, emerging research suggests a potential link between the ketogenic diet and increased GABA levels. A study published in the Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging found that participants following a ketogenic diet exhibited elevated GABA levels, highlighting another avenue for supporting GABA balance. The mechanism behind the ketogenic diet enhancing GABA is poorly understood, but it is known that the keto diet mimics the fasting state by maintaining metabolic ketosis.
In conclusion, understanding the factors influencing GABA levels and adopting habits that promote its synthesis and activity can contribute to a more balanced and resilient nervous system. Whether through mindfulness practices, nutritional choices, or exploring dietary approaches like the ketogenic diet, individuals have various tools to support GABA and, in turn, enhance overall health and well-being.
Fortunately, there are various lifestyle practices and dietary choices that can help restore and maintain optimal GABA levels. Engaging in activities like meditation, yoga, breathwork, and regular exercise has been shown to support GABA production. These practices not only promote mental and physical well-being but also contribute to a healthier balance of neurotransmitters in the brain.
Additionally, ensuring proper vitamin and mineral levels is essential for GABA function. Key nutrients like vitamin B6, magnesium, and zinc play a role in GABA synthesis and activity. A well-rounded and nutrient-dense diet, or even targeted supplementation if necessary, can contribute to maintaining the delicate balance of GABA in the body.
Interestingly, emerging research suggests a potential link between the ketogenic diet and increased GABA levels. A study published in the Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging found that participants following a ketogenic diet exhibited elevated GABA levels, highlighting another avenue for supporting GABA balance. The mechanism behind the ketogenic diet enhancing GABA is poorly understood, but it is known that the keto diet mimics the fasting state by maintaining metabolic ketosis.
In conclusion, understanding the factors influencing GABA levels and adopting habits that promote its synthesis and activity can contribute to a more balanced and resilient nervous system. Whether through mindfulness practices, nutritional choices, or exploring dietary approaches like the ketogenic diet, individuals have various tools to support GABA and, in turn, enhance overall health and well-being.
Inherited disorders and substance use
The intricate dance of impact on genetics via the influence of environmental factors can significantly impact the delicate balance of neurotransmitters in our brain, particularly in the case of GABA. Understanding the connections between genetic predispositions, inherited disorders, and substance use provides valuable insights into how we can optimize GABA function for better mental and emotional well-being.
One notable clue to a potential genetic predisposition toward GABA deficiency is a family history of alcoholism. This connection may stem from a lack of the ability to methylate B vitamins, crucial for supporting GABA levels. Individuals with such predispositions might find that optimizing their nutritional intake, particularly B vitamins, helps in modulating their glutamate and GABA levels, potentially reducing the inclination towards alcohol consumption.
Inherited disorders directly related to the GABA receptor are relatively rare but can have profound effects on an individual's neurochemistry. These disorders disrupt the normal functioning of GABA receptors, impacting the inhibitory signals they send within the nervous system. Understanding and addressing such genetic factors can be a key aspect of personalized approaches to mental health.
Substance use, especially involving compounds that interact with GABA receptors, adds another layer of complexity to this interplay. Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines (benzos), as well as herbal remedies like kava, magnolia bark, and valerian, all influence the GABA system. They either enhance or mimic the inhibitory effects of GABA, contributing to relaxation and sedation. Awareness of these interactions is crucial for individuals using such substances, whether recreationally or therapeutically.
As we delve deeper into the intricate web of genetics, inherited disorders, and substance use, it becomes clear that optimizing GABA function is a nuanced process. Personalized approaches that consider individual variations in genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors can play a pivotal role in supporting a healthy GABA system. By addressing these aspects, individuals may find effective strategies to promote mental well-being and resilience.
One notable clue to a potential genetic predisposition toward GABA deficiency is a family history of alcoholism. This connection may stem from a lack of the ability to methylate B vitamins, crucial for supporting GABA levels. Individuals with such predispositions might find that optimizing their nutritional intake, particularly B vitamins, helps in modulating their glutamate and GABA levels, potentially reducing the inclination towards alcohol consumption.
Inherited disorders directly related to the GABA receptor are relatively rare but can have profound effects on an individual's neurochemistry. These disorders disrupt the normal functioning of GABA receptors, impacting the inhibitory signals they send within the nervous system. Understanding and addressing such genetic factors can be a key aspect of personalized approaches to mental health.
Substance use, especially involving compounds that interact with GABA receptors, adds another layer of complexity to this interplay. Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines (benzos), as well as herbal remedies like kava, magnolia bark, and valerian, all influence the GABA system. They either enhance or mimic the inhibitory effects of GABA, contributing to relaxation and sedation. Awareness of these interactions is crucial for individuals using such substances, whether recreationally or therapeutically.
As we delve deeper into the intricate web of genetics, inherited disorders, and substance use, it becomes clear that optimizing GABA function is a nuanced process. Personalized approaches that consider individual variations in genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors can play a pivotal role in supporting a healthy GABA system. By addressing these aspects, individuals may find effective strategies to promote mental well-being and resilience.
GABA in Anxiety, Sleep, and Overall Health
Factors influencing GABA levels are diverse and range from lifestyle choices to dietary habits. Elevated cortisol levels, often associated with chronic stress, can lead to a reduction in GABA. Similarly, excessive fasting has been linked to lower GABA levels, emphasizing the intricate relationship between dietary practices and neurotransmitter balance. Interestingly, a carb-restricted diet, which may result in chronically elevated stress hormones, can impact GABA production adversely. Hormones like glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone, and adrenaline may be affected by dietary choices, influencing the delicate equilibrium between GABA and glutamate.
Conversely, the ketogenic diet, characterized by a significant reduction in carbohydrates and an emphasis on healthy fats, has been shown to elevate GABA levels. This dietary approach appears to support the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, contributing to a more relaxed state of mind.
Exercise emerges as a multifaceted lifestyle factor that influences GABA levels positively. Engaging in regular physical activity not only promotes overall health but also contributes to a balanced production of glutamate and GABA.
In the intricate dance of neurotransmitters, GABA stands as a linchpin for emotional well-being and restful sleep. By understanding the factors that influence GABA levels and making informed lifestyle and dietary choices, individuals can empower themselves to support optimal mental health and resilience.
Conversely, the ketogenic diet, characterized by a significant reduction in carbohydrates and an emphasis on healthy fats, has been shown to elevate GABA levels. This dietary approach appears to support the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, contributing to a more relaxed state of mind.
Exercise emerges as a multifaceted lifestyle factor that influences GABA levels positively. Engaging in regular physical activity not only promotes overall health but also contributes to a balanced production of glutamate and GABA.
In the intricate dance of neurotransmitters, GABA stands as a linchpin for emotional well-being and restful sleep. By understanding the factors that influence GABA levels and making informed lifestyle and dietary choices, individuals can empower themselves to support optimal mental health and resilience.
Stress REduction
Numerous studies have explored the connection between GABA and stress reduction. When GABA binds to its receptors, it opens channels in the cell membrane, allowing chloride ions to enter the neuron. This influx of negatively charged ions hyperpolarizes the neuron, making it less likely to fire. The result is a calming effect, reducing the likelihood of excessive neuronal activity associated with stress.
Furthermore, GABA receptors are widely distributed in the brain, including areas linked to mood regulation and emotional well-being. Activation of GABA receptors in these regions can have a profound impact on overall mental health, offering a natural pathway to manage stress.
Furthermore, GABA receptors are widely distributed in the brain, including areas linked to mood regulation and emotional well-being. Activation of GABA receptors in these regions can have a profound impact on overall mental health, offering a natural pathway to manage stress.
Growth hormone, obesity, and skin healing
GABA, beyond its role as a neurotransmitter in the brain, reveals a fascinating array of benefits that extend well beyond the neural realm. One such noteworthy facet is its ability to stimulate the secretion of human growth hormone (GH), a key player in various physiological processes.
Studies have illuminated the positive impact of GABA ingestion on resting and postexercise immunoreactive GH (irGH) and immunofunctional GH (ifGH), showcasing its potential to enhance GH secretion compared to a placebo. This finding underscores GABA's role in influencing hormonal balance, particularly in the context of growth and repair mechanisms within the body.
Beyond hormonal modulation, GABA exhibits promising properties in addressing obesity and optimizing muscle mass. Research in aged mice demonstrated a reduction in fat mass coupled with an increase in muscle mass and strength following GABA supplementation. Notably, GABA contributed to elevated energy expenditure in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Its role in promoting muscle synthesis and curtailing muscle degradation was attributed to the activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, emphasizing its potential as a valuable ally in muscle health.
The benefits of GABA extend even further, delving into the realm of skin health. Studies suggest that GABA has the capacity to mitigate skin damage and improve skin aging. By enhancing the migration ability of skin fibroblasts, GABA emerges as a catalyst for accelerated skin wound healing. This dual-action on skin health underscores GABA's multifaceted role in promoting overall well-being, spanning from hormonal balance to muscle health and skin rejuvenation.
In essence, GABA's influence transcends traditional neural functions, presenting itself as a versatile and beneficial compound with the potential to positively impact human growth hormone secretion, combat obesity, optimize muscle health, and contribute to skin rejuvenation.
Studies have illuminated the positive impact of GABA ingestion on resting and postexercise immunoreactive GH (irGH) and immunofunctional GH (ifGH), showcasing its potential to enhance GH secretion compared to a placebo. This finding underscores GABA's role in influencing hormonal balance, particularly in the context of growth and repair mechanisms within the body.
Beyond hormonal modulation, GABA exhibits promising properties in addressing obesity and optimizing muscle mass. Research in aged mice demonstrated a reduction in fat mass coupled with an increase in muscle mass and strength following GABA supplementation. Notably, GABA contributed to elevated energy expenditure in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Its role in promoting muscle synthesis and curtailing muscle degradation was attributed to the activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, emphasizing its potential as a valuable ally in muscle health.
The benefits of GABA extend even further, delving into the realm of skin health. Studies suggest that GABA has the capacity to mitigate skin damage and improve skin aging. By enhancing the migration ability of skin fibroblasts, GABA emerges as a catalyst for accelerated skin wound healing. This dual-action on skin health underscores GABA's multifaceted role in promoting overall well-being, spanning from hormonal balance to muscle health and skin rejuvenation.
In essence, GABA's influence transcends traditional neural functions, presenting itself as a versatile and beneficial compound with the potential to positively impact human growth hormone secretion, combat obesity, optimize muscle health, and contribute to skin rejuvenation.
enhancing Gaba activity: A holistic Approach
Several lifestyle factors contribute to maintaining healthy GABA levels:
The use of GABA supplements has sparked debates, with some claiming their inefficacy due to the molecule's purported inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. However, intriguingly, super doses of GABA, reaching up to 2000 mg, have demonstrated effectiveness. Additionally, innovative approaches, such as liposomal GABA or concurrent use with nicotinamide, showcase alternative avenues for harnessing the benefits of this neurotransmitter. Clinical studies utilizing GABA in supplemental form show that it induces relaxation, increases alpha brain waves, improves mood, reduces markers of stress and provides anxiolytic activity in both stressed and healthy subjects. GABA supplementation appears to be fast acting, with the beneficial effects noticeable within 60 minutes. In cases where there is a perceived deficiency or imbalance in GABA levels, supplementation, especially in super doses, can be explored. Concurrent use of nicotinamide, a form of vitamin B3, has shown promise in enhancing the effectiveness of GABA supplements.
- Regular Exercise: Physical activity has been linked to increased GABA levels, promoting a sense of calm and reducing anxiety.
- Mindful Practices: Techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, and yoga have shown to positively influence GABA levels, fostering relaxation and mental clarity.
- Nutritional Support: Certain foods and supplements can support GABA production. Examples include green tea, fermented foods, valerian, CBD, ginsenosides, lotus, kava, magnolia, potato, probiotics, rose, thymoquinone, feverfew, hops, noni, piperidines, and GABA-containing supplements.
The use of GABA supplements has sparked debates, with some claiming their inefficacy due to the molecule's purported inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. However, intriguingly, super doses of GABA, reaching up to 2000 mg, have demonstrated effectiveness. Additionally, innovative approaches, such as liposomal GABA or concurrent use with nicotinamide, showcase alternative avenues for harnessing the benefits of this neurotransmitter. Clinical studies utilizing GABA in supplemental form show that it induces relaxation, increases alpha brain waves, improves mood, reduces markers of stress and provides anxiolytic activity in both stressed and healthy subjects. GABA supplementation appears to be fast acting, with the beneficial effects noticeable within 60 minutes. In cases where there is a perceived deficiency or imbalance in GABA levels, supplementation, especially in super doses, can be explored. Concurrent use of nicotinamide, a form of vitamin B3, has shown promise in enhancing the effectiveness of GABA supplements.
Too big to Cross the bLood Brain Barrier?
For years, the efficacy of GABA supplements has been clouded by the widely accepted notion that GABA, as a molecule, is too large to cross the blood-brain barrier. This belief fueled skepticism about the potential benefits of GABA supplementation, leading to the hypothesis that it might be ineffective in influencing central nervous system function.
However, emerging literature challenges this traditional narrative. Recent studies suggest that the long-standing notion of GABA's inability to traverse the blood-brain barrier might be an oversimplification. The initial skepticism may have roots in the complex interplay of science, industry interests, and profit motives.
One prevailing theory is that the pharmaceutical industry, with a vested interest in developing drugs that activate GABA receptors in the brain, inadvertently contributed to the skepticism surrounding GABA supplements. The financial incentive to market drugs that can be patented and monetized creates a potential conflict of interest. In contrast, GABA supplements, being a natural compound, are less profitable for these industries.
While the conflict of interest hypothesis doesn't dismiss the scientific challenges associated with GABA's ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, it prompts a reevaluation of the initial skepticism. Researchers are increasingly revisiting the potential of GABA supplements, questioning whether their effectiveness was underestimated due to the influence of industry-driven narratives.
As scientific inquiry progresses, it becomes crucial to approach GABA supplements with a renewed curiosity, acknowledging that our understanding of their bioavailability and impact on the central nervous system may be more nuanced than previously thought. This shift in perspective encourages further independent research, free from the constraints of industry biases, to explore the true potential of GABA supplementation for promoting mental well-being.
However, emerging literature challenges this traditional narrative. Recent studies suggest that the long-standing notion of GABA's inability to traverse the blood-brain barrier might be an oversimplification. The initial skepticism may have roots in the complex interplay of science, industry interests, and profit motives.
One prevailing theory is that the pharmaceutical industry, with a vested interest in developing drugs that activate GABA receptors in the brain, inadvertently contributed to the skepticism surrounding GABA supplements. The financial incentive to market drugs that can be patented and monetized creates a potential conflict of interest. In contrast, GABA supplements, being a natural compound, are less profitable for these industries.
While the conflict of interest hypothesis doesn't dismiss the scientific challenges associated with GABA's ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, it prompts a reevaluation of the initial skepticism. Researchers are increasingly revisiting the potential of GABA supplements, questioning whether their effectiveness was underestimated due to the influence of industry-driven narratives.
As scientific inquiry progresses, it becomes crucial to approach GABA supplements with a renewed curiosity, acknowledging that our understanding of their bioavailability and impact on the central nervous system may be more nuanced than previously thought. This shift in perspective encourages further independent research, free from the constraints of industry biases, to explore the true potential of GABA supplementation for promoting mental well-being.
Liposomal Gaba
In the pursuit of serenity and balanced nervous system support, Quicksilver's GABA offering brings you an unparalleled blend of GABA and L-Theanine, carefully crafted to elevate your calm and enhance brain support. This product takes center stage in promoting balanced nerve transmission, a key component for maintaining a harmonious nervous system. GABA, renowned for its calming effects, and L-Theanine, the calming amino acid, join forces to create a synergy that supports your nervous system, promoting tranquility and well-being.
At the heart of Quicklsilver's Liposomal GABA formula lies L-Theanine, a remarkable amino acid known for its calming properties. Just like the smoothing of brain wave patterns during meditation, L-Theanine supplementation provides a soothing influence on your mental state. Each capsule contains 100 mg of L-Theanine, ensuring a potent dose for optimal brain support.
Recognizing the challenge of poor bioavailability in typical oral GABA supplements, Quicksilver has managed to overcome this obstacle with its liposomal absorption technology. These advanced liposomes, ranging from 20-100 nanometers, ensure rapid and efficient delivery of both GABA and L-Theanine. This innovation sets our supplement apart, offering superior effectiveness for a profound impact on your calm and brain support. Not all liposomal supplements are created equal. While others use larger liposomes with limited effectiveness, our meticulously crafted liposomes guarantee superior bioavailability. Ranging from 20-100 nanometers, these tiny carriers ensure that the GABA and L-Theanine in each capsule are delivered swiftly and efficiently, maximizing their calming effects.
Incorporate Quicksilver's Liposomal GABA and L-Theanine supplement into your daily routine, and experience a new level of calm, supported by cutting-edge absorption technology. Elevate your well-being, embrace tranquility, and let the power of GABA and L-Theanine redefine your journey to inner peace and mental harmony.
At the heart of Quicklsilver's Liposomal GABA formula lies L-Theanine, a remarkable amino acid known for its calming properties. Just like the smoothing of brain wave patterns during meditation, L-Theanine supplementation provides a soothing influence on your mental state. Each capsule contains 100 mg of L-Theanine, ensuring a potent dose for optimal brain support.
Recognizing the challenge of poor bioavailability in typical oral GABA supplements, Quicksilver has managed to overcome this obstacle with its liposomal absorption technology. These advanced liposomes, ranging from 20-100 nanometers, ensure rapid and efficient delivery of both GABA and L-Theanine. This innovation sets our supplement apart, offering superior effectiveness for a profound impact on your calm and brain support. Not all liposomal supplements are created equal. While others use larger liposomes with limited effectiveness, our meticulously crafted liposomes guarantee superior bioavailability. Ranging from 20-100 nanometers, these tiny carriers ensure that the GABA and L-Theanine in each capsule are delivered swiftly and efficiently, maximizing their calming effects.
Incorporate Quicksilver's Liposomal GABA and L-Theanine supplement into your daily routine, and experience a new level of calm, supported by cutting-edge absorption technology. Elevate your well-being, embrace tranquility, and let the power of GABA and L-Theanine redefine your journey to inner peace and mental harmony.
Magnolia Bark
As mentioned, GABA plays a pivotal role in calming the nervous system. Magnolia Bark contains bioactive compounds, honokiol, and magnolol, that have been shown to enhance GABA receptor activity, promoting a sense of relaxation and tranquility.
Stress Reduction Benefits:
Stress Reduction Benefits:
- Reduced Anxiety: Magnolia Bark has been studied for its anxiolytic effects, helping to alleviate feelings of anxiety and tension.
- Improved Sleep Quality: By enhancing GABA activity, Magnolia Bark may contribute to better sleep quality, allowing you to wake up refreshed and revitalized.
- Calm Nervous System: Experience a natural tranquility as Magnolia Bark supports a balanced and calm nervous system, mitigating the impact of stress on your overall well-being.
How to Incorporate Magnolia Bark into Your Routine:
- Tea Infusions: Enjoy the soothing benefits of Magnolia Bark with a calming tea infusion. Combine it with other herbal allies for a delightful stress-relief ritual.
- Supplements: Explore Magnolia Bark supplements, ensuring standardized extracts for optimal efficacy and dosage control.
Consider integrating Magnolia Bark into your self-care routine and take a proactive step toward stress reduction. Remember, it's always advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before adding new supplements to your regimen. Embrace the tranquility that nature provides and let Magnolia Bark be your companion on the journey to a more serene and balanced life.
KAva
In the quest for stress relief, Kava emerges as a botanical champion, offering a unique pathway to relaxation without the drawbacks associated with alcohol consumption. At the heart of Kava's stress-reducing magic lies its ability to act as a GABA agonist, providing a calming effect on the nervous system reminiscent of the relaxation induced by alcohol. However, Kava achieves this without the individual and societal harm linked to alcohol use.
Kava Shrub
Kava's stress-relieving prowess can be attributed to its interaction with the GABA receptors in the brain. It serves as a GABA agonist, meaning it enhances the activity of the neurotransmitter GABA. GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, is known for its calming effects on the nervous system. By amplifying GABA's action, Kava helps induce a state of tranquility and relaxation, making it an attractive option for those seeking a natural remedy for stress.
Distinctive from Alcohol: A Safer Path to Relaxation
What sets Kava apart is its ability to induce relaxation without the negative consequences associated with alcohol consumption. Unlike alcohol, Kava doesn't impair cognitive function, cause hangovers, or lead to addiction. The absence of these adverse effects makes Kava an attractive alternative for individuals seeking stress relief without compromising their mental clarity or overall well-being.
Moreover, Kava doesn't carry the risk of physical dependence or withdrawal symptoms often associated with prolonged alcohol use. This positions Kava as a safer, non-addictive option for those looking to unwind and alleviate stress without the detrimental impact on their health and daily functioning.
Distinctive from Alcohol: A Safer Path to Relaxation
What sets Kava apart is its ability to induce relaxation without the negative consequences associated with alcohol consumption. Unlike alcohol, Kava doesn't impair cognitive function, cause hangovers, or lead to addiction. The absence of these adverse effects makes Kava an attractive alternative for individuals seeking stress relief without compromising their mental clarity or overall well-being.
Moreover, Kava doesn't carry the risk of physical dependence or withdrawal symptoms often associated with prolonged alcohol use. This positions Kava as a safer, non-addictive option for those looking to unwind and alleviate stress without the detrimental impact on their health and daily functioning.
For centuries, cultures in the South Pacific have embraced Kava as a ceremonial beverage, valued for its ability to promote social bonding, relaxation, and a sense of community. The cultural context surrounding Kava use highlights its role not just as a stress-reliever but as a tool for fostering connections and shared well-being.
In conclusion, Kava's GABA agonist properties present a natural and safer avenue for stress reduction, offering a serene escape from the demands of modern life without the pitfalls associated with alcohol. As interest in holistic well-being grows, Kava stands as a botanical ally, providing a time-tested and culturally rich approach to relaxation and stress relief.
In conclusion, Kava's GABA agonist properties present a natural and safer avenue for stress reduction, offering a serene escape from the demands of modern life without the pitfalls associated with alcohol. As interest in holistic well-being grows, Kava stands as a botanical ally, providing a time-tested and culturally rich approach to relaxation and stress relief.
Additional gaba insights
In the intricate web of factors influencing sleep, stress, and metabolic health, the role of GABA takes center stage. Understanding the intricate dance between various compounds and lifestyle factors provides additional insights into fostering a balanced and restorative sleep pattern.
One noteworthy consideration is the impact of cannabinoids on GABA modulation. THC, the psychoactive component of cannabis, has been found to disrupt GABA function, potentially leading to heightened anxiety. In contrast, CBD (cannabidiol) and CBG (cannabigerol) emerge as positive influencers, modulating GABA activity in a way that may contribute to a more relaxed state.
The sleep landscape is further shaped by environmental cues and lifestyle choices. Factors like exposure to blue light, adherence to circadian rhythms, regular exercise, and even carbon dioxide (CO2) levels play pivotal roles in determining the quality of our rest. Interestingly, CO2, often viewed simply as a waste product, holds a multifaceted role. Beyond its involvement in respiration, CO2 levels impact the conversion of tryptophan to serotonin. Moreover, it emerges as a key player in lowering the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), forming ionic bonds with carbino-amino lysine. This sheds light on a profound realization – we don't breathe solely due to a lack of oxygen, but rather, our respiratory drive is intricately tied to elevated CO2 levels.
Establishing a sleep routine is recognized as a crucial factor in facilitating the onset of sleep. However, the ability to stay asleep delves into a more complex interplay involving blue light exposure, adherence to circadian rhythms, and regular exercise. These elements collectively contribute to the delicate orchestration of our sleep-wake cycles.
The realm of metabolic health intertwines with sleep and stress, forging connections between hyperventilation, insulin resistance, and broader metabolic dysfunction. Probing into the realm of adrenaline dominance, a potential contributor to metabolic imbalances, introduces the consideration of progesterone supplementation as a means of restoration.
In unraveling the intricate threads of sleep, stress, and metabolic well-being, it becomes evident that GABA holds a pivotal role. By understanding the nuanced interactions between cannabinoids, environmental cues, and lifestyle choices, we inch closer to cultivating a harmonious balance conducive to restful sleep and optimal metabolic function.
One noteworthy consideration is the impact of cannabinoids on GABA modulation. THC, the psychoactive component of cannabis, has been found to disrupt GABA function, potentially leading to heightened anxiety. In contrast, CBD (cannabidiol) and CBG (cannabigerol) emerge as positive influencers, modulating GABA activity in a way that may contribute to a more relaxed state.
The sleep landscape is further shaped by environmental cues and lifestyle choices. Factors like exposure to blue light, adherence to circadian rhythms, regular exercise, and even carbon dioxide (CO2) levels play pivotal roles in determining the quality of our rest. Interestingly, CO2, often viewed simply as a waste product, holds a multifaceted role. Beyond its involvement in respiration, CO2 levels impact the conversion of tryptophan to serotonin. Moreover, it emerges as a key player in lowering the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), forming ionic bonds with carbino-amino lysine. This sheds light on a profound realization – we don't breathe solely due to a lack of oxygen, but rather, our respiratory drive is intricately tied to elevated CO2 levels.
Establishing a sleep routine is recognized as a crucial factor in facilitating the onset of sleep. However, the ability to stay asleep delves into a more complex interplay involving blue light exposure, adherence to circadian rhythms, and regular exercise. These elements collectively contribute to the delicate orchestration of our sleep-wake cycles.
The realm of metabolic health intertwines with sleep and stress, forging connections between hyperventilation, insulin resistance, and broader metabolic dysfunction. Probing into the realm of adrenaline dominance, a potential contributor to metabolic imbalances, introduces the consideration of progesterone supplementation as a means of restoration.
In unraveling the intricate threads of sleep, stress, and metabolic well-being, it becomes evident that GABA holds a pivotal role. By understanding the nuanced interactions between cannabinoids, environmental cues, and lifestyle choices, we inch closer to cultivating a harmonious balance conducive to restful sleep and optimal metabolic function.
Cultivating calm in Chaos
In the intricate web of neurotransmitters, GABA emerges as a beacon of serenity. Its ability to counterbalance the excitatory forces in the brain makes it a key player in stress reduction and the quest for a higher quality of life.
By understanding the delicate interplay between GABA and glutamate, we gain insights into the importance of maintaining this equilibrium for optimal mental well-being. As we navigate the complexities of modern life, embracing holistic practices that support GABA function becomes a mindful step toward cultivating calm in the chaos.
By understanding the delicate interplay between GABA and glutamate, we gain insights into the importance of maintaining this equilibrium for optimal mental well-being. As we navigate the complexities of modern life, embracing holistic practices that support GABA function becomes a mindful step toward cultivating calm in the chaos.
references
Han H, Jung JK, Han SB, Nam SY, Oh KW, Hong JT. Anxiolytic-like effects of 4-O-methylhonokiol isolated from Magnolia officinalis through enhancement of GABAergic transmission and chloride influx. J Med Food. 2011 Jul-Aug;14(7-8):724-31. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2010.1111. Epub 2011 Apr 18. PMID: 21501091.
Abdou AM, Higashiguchi S, Horie K, Kim M, Hatta H, Yokogoshi H. Relaxation and immunity enhancement effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) administration in humans. Biofactors. 2006;26(3):201-8. doi: 10.1002/biof.5520260305. PMID: 16971751.
Kim S, Jo K, Hong KB, Han SH, Suh HJ. GABA and l-theanine mixture decreases sleep latency and improves NREM sleep. Pharm Biol. 2019 Dec;57(1):65-73. doi: 10.1080/13880209.2018.1557698. PMID: 30707852; PMCID: PMC6366437.
Witte S, Loew D, Gaus W. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of the acetonic kava-kava extract WS1490 in patients with non-psychotic anxiety disorders. Phytother Res. 2005 Mar;19(3):183-8. doi: 10.1002/ptr.1609. PMID: 15934028.
Pittler MH, Ernst E. Kava extract for treating anxiety. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD003383. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003383. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD003383. PMID: 12076477.
Sarris J, Kavanagh DJ, Adams J, Bone K, Byrne G. Kava Anxiety Depression Spectrum Study (KADSS): a mixed methods RCT using an aqueous extract of Piper methysticum. Complement Ther Med. 2009 Jun;17(3):176-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2009.01.001. Epub 2009 Feb 7. PMID: 19398072.
Sarris J, Kavanagh DJ, Byrne G, Bone KM, Adams J, Deed G. The Kava Anxiety Depression Spectrum Study (KADSS): a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial using an aqueous extract of Piper methysticum. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009 Aug;205(3):399-407. doi: 10.1007/s00213-009-1549-9. Epub 2009 May 9. PMID: 19430766.
Abdou AM, Higashiguchi S, Horie K, et al. Relaxation and immunity enhancement effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) administration in humans. Biofactors 2006;26(3):201-208.
Yoto A, Murao S, Motoki M, et al. Oral intake of γ-aminobutyric acid affects mood and activities of central nervous system during stressed condition induced by mental tasks. Amino Acids 2012;43(3):1331-1337
Hawkins RA. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(3):867S-874S.
Burrin DG, Stoll B. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 90, Issue 3, September 2009, Pages 850S–856S
Boyle, N, et al. “The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Subjective Anxiety and Stress—a Systematic Review.” Nutrients, vol. 9, no. 5, 26 Apr. 2017, p. 429, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050429.
Boyd, Alinda. “Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Monograph | FX Medicine.” Www.fxmedicine.com.au, fxmedicine.com.au/blog-post/gamma-aminobutyric-acid-gaba-monograph#7. Accessed 6 Mar. 2024.
Wang, Zhiyue J., et al. “In Vivo Measurement of Brain Metabolites Using Two-Dimensional Double-Quantum MR Spectroscopy?Exploration of GABA Levels in a Ketogenic Diet.” Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol. 49, no. 4, 18 Mar. 2003, pp. 615–619, https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.10429.
Cavagnini, F., et al. “Effect of Acute and Repeated Administration of Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) on Growth Hormone and Prolactin Secretion in Man.” Acta Endocrinologica, vol. 93, no. 2, 1 Feb. 1980, pp. 149–154, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7376786/, https://doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.0930149.
Powers, Michael E., et al. “Growth Hormone Isoform Responses to GABA Ingestion at Rest and after Exercise.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 40, no. 1, 1 Jan. 2008, pp. 104–110, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18091016/, https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318158b518.
Zhao, Hairu, et al. “The Effect of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Intake on UVB- Induced Skin Damage in Hairless Mice.” Biomolecules & Therapeutics, vol. 31, no. 6, 1 Nov. 2023, pp. 640–647, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10616514/, https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2023.085.
Jin, Heegu, et al. “GABA Prevents Age-Related Sarcopenic Obesity in Mice with High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity.” Cells, vol. 12, no. 17, 25 Aug. 2023, p. 2146, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37681878/, https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12172146.
Abdou AM, Higashiguchi S, Horie K, Kim M, Hatta H, Yokogoshi H. Relaxation and immunity enhancement effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) administration in humans. Biofactors. 2006;26(3):201-8. doi: 10.1002/biof.5520260305. PMID: 16971751.
Kim S, Jo K, Hong KB, Han SH, Suh HJ. GABA and l-theanine mixture decreases sleep latency and improves NREM sleep. Pharm Biol. 2019 Dec;57(1):65-73. doi: 10.1080/13880209.2018.1557698. PMID: 30707852; PMCID: PMC6366437.
Witte S, Loew D, Gaus W. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of the acetonic kava-kava extract WS1490 in patients with non-psychotic anxiety disorders. Phytother Res. 2005 Mar;19(3):183-8. doi: 10.1002/ptr.1609. PMID: 15934028.
Pittler MH, Ernst E. Kava extract for treating anxiety. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD003383. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003383. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD003383. PMID: 12076477.
Sarris J, Kavanagh DJ, Adams J, Bone K, Byrne G. Kava Anxiety Depression Spectrum Study (KADSS): a mixed methods RCT using an aqueous extract of Piper methysticum. Complement Ther Med. 2009 Jun;17(3):176-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2009.01.001. Epub 2009 Feb 7. PMID: 19398072.
Sarris J, Kavanagh DJ, Byrne G, Bone KM, Adams J, Deed G. The Kava Anxiety Depression Spectrum Study (KADSS): a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial using an aqueous extract of Piper methysticum. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2009 Aug;205(3):399-407. doi: 10.1007/s00213-009-1549-9. Epub 2009 May 9. PMID: 19430766.
Abdou AM, Higashiguchi S, Horie K, et al. Relaxation and immunity enhancement effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) administration in humans. Biofactors 2006;26(3):201-208.
Yoto A, Murao S, Motoki M, et al. Oral intake of γ-aminobutyric acid affects mood and activities of central nervous system during stressed condition induced by mental tasks. Amino Acids 2012;43(3):1331-1337
Hawkins RA. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(3):867S-874S.
Burrin DG, Stoll B. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 90, Issue 3, September 2009, Pages 850S–856S
Boyle, N, et al. “The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Subjective Anxiety and Stress—a Systematic Review.” Nutrients, vol. 9, no. 5, 26 Apr. 2017, p. 429, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050429.
Boyd, Alinda. “Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Monograph | FX Medicine.” Www.fxmedicine.com.au, fxmedicine.com.au/blog-post/gamma-aminobutyric-acid-gaba-monograph#7. Accessed 6 Mar. 2024.
Wang, Zhiyue J., et al. “In Vivo Measurement of Brain Metabolites Using Two-Dimensional Double-Quantum MR Spectroscopy?Exploration of GABA Levels in a Ketogenic Diet.” Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol. 49, no. 4, 18 Mar. 2003, pp. 615–619, https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.10429.
Cavagnini, F., et al. “Effect of Acute and Repeated Administration of Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) on Growth Hormone and Prolactin Secretion in Man.” Acta Endocrinologica, vol. 93, no. 2, 1 Feb. 1980, pp. 149–154, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7376786/, https://doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.0930149.
Powers, Michael E., et al. “Growth Hormone Isoform Responses to GABA Ingestion at Rest and after Exercise.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol. 40, no. 1, 1 Jan. 2008, pp. 104–110, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18091016/, https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e318158b518.
Zhao, Hairu, et al. “The Effect of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Intake on UVB- Induced Skin Damage in Hairless Mice.” Biomolecules & Therapeutics, vol. 31, no. 6, 1 Nov. 2023, pp. 640–647, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10616514/, https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2023.085.
Jin, Heegu, et al. “GABA Prevents Age-Related Sarcopenic Obesity in Mice with High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity.” Cells, vol. 12, no. 17, 25 Aug. 2023, p. 2146, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37681878/, https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12172146.
